The differences are simply a matter of the amount or concentration of oils in the fragrance. The highest concentration is in pure perfume (or parfum). Next would be Eau de Parfum, then Eau de Toilette, and finally Eau de Cologne.
"eau de toilette" lasts longer, it's stronger, fancier, celebs prefer it more & it's more expensive. It's also sometimes specially made for brands & celebrities or very rich people. Not all the time but usually.